Laser-irradiation method and laser-irradiation device

ABSTRACT

A laser-irradiation method which comprises a process for fabricating a semiconductor device, comprising: a first step of forming a thin film amorphous semiconductor on a substrate having an insulating surface; a second step of modifying the thin film amorphous semiconductor into a crystalline thin film semiconductor by irradiating a pulse-type linear light and/or by applying a heat treatment; a third step of implanting an impurity element which imparts a one conductive type to the crystalline thin film semiconductor; and a fourth step of activating the impurity element by irradiating a pulse-type linear light and/or by applying a heat treatment; wherein the peak value, the peak width at half height, and the threshold width of the laser energy in the second and the fourth steps above are each distributed within a range of approximately ±3% of the standard value. Also claimed is a laser irradiation device which realizes the method above.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of and claims priority toU.S. application Ser. No. 08/799,202, filed on Feb. 13, 1997 now U.S.Pat. No. 6,599,790, B1.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a method for annealing (laserannealing) a thin film semiconductor by irradiating a laser light. Theobjects of laser annealing include to crystallize an amorphous thinfilm, to improve the crystallinity of a crystalline thin film, toactivate impurity elements for imparting conductivity, and the like.

2. Description of the Related Art

In recent years, a technique which comprises forming a thin filmsemiconductor on a glass substrate and then fabricating a thin filmtransistor by using the thus obtained thin film is known. This techniqueis essential for the fabrication of an active matrix liquid crystaldisplay device.

An active matrix liquid crystal display device comprises pixelelectrodes provided in a matrix-like arrangement and thin filmtransistors provided to each of the pixel electrodes in order to controlthe charge that is input and output from the pixel electrode.

In fabricating the active matrix liquid crystal display device, severalhundred thousand of thin film transistors must be integrated in amatrix-like arrangement.

Thin film transistors utilizing a crystalline silicon film are capableof yielding high performance, and are preferred for use in the liquidcrystal display device. When a crystalline silicon film is used, inparticular, peripheral drive circuits using thin film transistors can beconstructed on the same glass substrate. Thus, an advantageousconstitution, which enables a more compact device at a simplerfabrication process at a lower fabrication cost, etc., can beimplemented.

However, an active matrix liquid crystal device at present has problemsof causing uneven display or forming stripe patterns in the display.Especially, the stripe patterns are particular in a liquid crystaldisplay device fabricated through a laser annealing process, and theyconsiderably impair the visual appearance of the displayed image.

The stripe patterns differ from point defects and line defects in thatthey become visually perceptible depending on the drive conditions ofthe liquid crystal display device. Thus, the present inventors assumedthat this phenomena differs from the permanent defects attributed to,for example, the destruction of thin film transistors and the formationof short circuit in the wirings and the like.

Then, as a result of analyzing the liquid crystal display device fromvarious viewpoints, it has been found that the fluctuation in ON current(the current which generates in selecting a pixel electrode) greatlyinfluences the generation of stripe patterns.

For instance, when a thin film transistor is selected in an activematrix liquid crystal display device, an ON current generates betweenthe source region (connected to a data line) and the drain region(connected to a pixel electrode) of the active layer as to realize aparticular state (charged state) in which a certain voltage is appliedto the liquid crystal.

Thus, in case the ON current is extremely small, a problem may happenthat the charge is insufficient for a pixel electrode. In such a casewhere the saturated charge is not attained, it becomes impossible torealize the desired grayscale display, and those pixel regions withinsufficient display are observed as stripe patterns.

Furthermore, there occurs a phenomenon of causing slight drop in thevoltage written in the pixel electrode immediately after a thin filmtransistor is switched from an ON state to an OFF state (or from an OFFstate to an ON state). The fluctuation in voltage is called as-a “fieldthrough voltage”.

The field through voltage is another factor causing stripe patterns,because the charge stored in the pixel electrode also changes with thefield through voltage.

However, in general, the field through current is relaxed by acompensation current which generates between the source/drain(hereinafter referred to as “a field-through compensation current”). Thefield-through compensation current is a current that generates within ashort period of time in switching the thin film transistor from an ONstate to an OFF state (or reverse).

The present inventors analyzed the trial-fabricated thin filmtransistor, and as a result, it has been found that, with increasing ONcurrent, the field-through compensation current increases, i.e., thatthe field-through voltage becomes more relaxed.

The analyzed results above can be summarized as follows. That is, thelong-unsolved problem of the generation of stripe patterns in a liquidcrystal display device is attributed to the fluctuation in ON current ofa thin film transistor, and the best solution of the problem is toovercome the fluctuation in ON current.

Furthermore, the present inventors simulated the generation of stripepatterns ascribed to insufficient charging described above by means ofsimulation. The simulation was performed by calculating the timenecessary for charging 99.6% or more of the pixel capacitance of about0.2 pF (a total capacitance of a capacitance of the liquid crystals andthe auxiliary capacitance).

Based on the fact that the fly-back time in VGA is 5 μs, and includingmargin, the results were evaluated by judging whether the pixelcapacitance can be charged in a period of 2 μs or not.

As a result, it was confirmed that an ON current (at a drain voltageVd=14 V and a gate voltage Vg=10 V) of 3 μA or higher is necessary incase of a thin film transistor with a threshold voltage of about 2 V.

In the light of the aforementioned circumstances, the present inventorscame to a conclusion that it is necessary and indispensable to improvethe crystallinity of the semiconductor layer (i.e., the crystallinesilicon film in this case) which greatly influences the ON currentabove.

The crystalline silicon film above can be obtained by crystallizing anamorphous silicon film by applying heat treatment, irradiating a laserlight, or by utilizing the both. In particular, the method of usinglaser light (said method hereinafter referred to as “lasercrystallization”) as a crystallizing means or as a means for improvingthe crystallinity is effective from the viewpoint that it enables acrystalline silicon film having excellent crystallinity at a lowtemperature.

This method of forming a crystalline silicon film at a low temperatureis advantageous in that a high performance thin film transistor can befabricated on an inexpensive glass substrate. Accordingly, this methodis surely a promising means for crystallization.

A pulse-emitting excimer laser is most frequently used in the methodutilizing a laser light irradiation. The method using an excimer lasercomprises emitting a laser having a wavelength in the ultraviolet regionby applying a high frequency discharge to a predetermined type of gasand thereby realizing a particular excitation state.

In case of forming a crystalline silicon film by irradiating a laserlight, however, there is a problem that not always good reproducibilityis obtained on the crystallinity of the resulting crystalline siliconfilm. This is due to the influence of the parameters included in theprocess steps from the formation of a silicon film to the completion oflaser annealing treatment.

The parameters included in the process steps are factors influencing thelaser crystallization, and are uncertain factors influencing thecrystallinity. They include indirect factors such as the film thicknessof the amorphous silicon film and the direct ones such as theirradiation energy of the laser.

In case of an excimer laser, for instance, the presence of fluctuationin the irradiation energy per pulse of the emitted laser light is foundas a problem. Furthermore, the fluctuation in the irradiation energy ofthe laser and the scattering in energy distribution in the superposedemissions of laser light are known to induce non-uniform crystallinity.

For example, the inventors use a laser device in which the laser islinearly beam-processed to provide laser-irradiated surfaces that aresuperposed on each other. Accordingly, the heterogeneity in energydistribution directly induces the fluctuation in ON current as to formtransverse stripe pattern in the image display region.

As described in the foregoing, the stripe patterns provide a fatalproblem in manufacturing a commercially feasible liquid crystal displaydevice. Thus, early solution to the problem is keenly demanded. However,by employing the laser device at the present level of technology, it isalmost impossible to form a crystalline silicon film having acrystallinity which induces perfectly no fluctuation in ON current,which is the cause of stripe patterns.

In other words, this problem is the rate-determining factor in theevolution of liquid crystal display device utilizing the low temperaturepolysilicon technique based on laser crystallization technique.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a technique to overcomethe aforementioned problems, which is capable of performing laserannealing with excellent uniformity and reproducibility, and to providea device for implementing the technique. It is also an object of thepresent invention to provide, by applying the technique above, atechnique for fabricating a liquid crystal display device capable offorming an image with high quality and free of stripe patterns.

According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided alaser-irradiation method which comprises a process for fabricating asemiconductor device, comprising:

a first step of forming a thin film amorphous semiconductor on asubstrate having an insulating surface;

a second step of modifying the thin film amorphous silicon into acrystalline thin film semiconductor by irradiating a laser light and/orby applying a heat treatment;

a third step of implanting an impurity element which imparts a singleconductive type to the crystalline thin film semiconductor; and

a fourth step of activating the impurity element by irradiating a laserlight and/or by applying a heat treatment;

wherein the peak value, the peak width at half height, and the thresholdwidth of the laser energy in the second and the fourth steps above areeach distributed within a range of approximately ±3% of the standardvalue.

In the light of the aforementioned problems of conventional techniques,the present inventors assumed that the non-uniformity in crystallinitybecomes apparent as a result of the mixing of a plurality of uncertainfactors such as the aforementioned thickness of the amorphous siliconfilm, etc.

Accordingly, the principal object of the present invention is tosuppress and minimize the fluctuation in the parameters encountered inthe process steps which directly or indirectly influence the lasercrystallization process. Furthermore, another object is to eliminate theuncertain factors as much as possible, while suppressing the fluctuationin the parameters.

Referring to FIG. 1, for instance, in the fabrication of a crystallinesilicon film by irradiating a pulse-emitted linear laser light, there isobserved a fluctuation in the irradiation energy of the laser light(i.e., the fluctuation in irradiation energy with respect to the time ofirradiation).

The data shown in FIG. 1 illustrates the fluctuation in the laser output(the laser energy or the irradiation energy) per pulse of the emittedradiation (i.e., the fluctuation in irradiation energy with respect tothe passage in irradiation time). In case an appropriate beam formationis performed by using an optical system, the fluctuation corresponds tothe fluctuation in the density of irradiated energy per shot on theirradiated surface.

In other words, although the irradiated energy is taken here in theordinate, it is also possible to convert it and express it in terms ofenergy density. The laser output herein shows the peak value (maximumvalue) of the laser energy.

Referring to FIG. 1, it is to be noticed that the peak values of thelaser output are distributed roughly within a range of ±3% of 640 mJ;i.e., the peak values fall within a range of ±3% of a certain standardvalue (optimum value) . In the case of the laser device used by theinventors, the energy density for an irradiated unit area at a laseroutput of 640 mJ is about 250 mJ/cm².

According to the study of the present inventors, it is known that, whenlaser annealing is performed with a fluctuation larger than the rangeabove, the annealing effect becomes scattered, or the uniformity in thesurface becomes impaired.

Incidentally, in case a higher uniformity must be achieved in laserannealing, the distribution range in laser output is narrowed to within±2%, preferably to within ±1.5%, though this may have the expense ofcomplicated control and increased cost.

Accordingly, considering the annealing of a semiconductor film withreference to FIG. 1, the fluctuation in laser output per pulse emissionis constrained to within ±3%, preferably within ±2%, and morepreferably, within ±1.5%. These constraints are particularly preferablein case of annealing a large area using a linearly emitted light oflaser.

Further, to eliminate the aforementioned stripe patterns, it is alsorequired not only to suppress the fluctuation in peak values, but alsoto suppress the fluctuation in various parameters related to thecrystallization process, and to remove as much as possible the uncertainfactors in laser crystallization.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a laser-irradiation device for irradiating a laser light to athin film semiconductor provided on a substrate having an insulatingsurface, comprising:

means for emitting the laser light;

a gas processor connected to the means for emitting the laser light;

a control unit for controlling the output of the laser light bydetecting a part of the laser light and then feeding back the detectedresult to the means for emitting the laser light;

optical means for shaping the laser light into a linear beam; and

means for heating the thin film semiconductor;

wherein, the peak value, the peak width at half height, and thethreshold width of the laser energy are each distributed within a rangeof approximately ±3% of the standard value.

Furthermore according to still another aspect of the present invention,there is provided a laser-irradiation device for irradiating a laserlight to a thin film semiconductor provided on a substrate having aninsulating surface, comprising:

means for emitting laser light;

a gas processor connected to the means for emitting the laser light;

a control unit for controlling the output of the laser light bydetecting a part of the laser light and then feeding back the detectedresult to the means for emitting the laser light;

optical system means for shaping the laser light into a linear beam;

means for heating the thin film semiconductor; and

an auxiliary heating device provided in addition to the means forheating the thin film semiconductor;

wherein, the peak value, the peak width at half height, and thethreshold width of the laser energy are each distributed within a rangeof approximately ±3% of the standard value.

Referring to FIG. 7, the laser device employed in the present inventionis briefly described below. The laser device illustrated in FIG. 7 isnecessary for providing a laser energy distributed in a range shown inFIG. 1.

Referring to FIG. 7, the pulsed light emitted from a laser generator 702is processed into a pulse beam having a linear cross section by using anoptical system 706, reflected by a mirror 707, and is irradiated to anobject substrate 709 through a quartz window 708 into a laserirradiation chamber 701.

As the light emitted from the laser generator 702, usable are radiationsin the ultraviolet region, such as a KrF excimer laser (having awavelength of 248 nm), an XeCl excimer laser (having a wavelength of 308nm), and fourth harmonics (having a wavelength of 265 nm) of axenon-lamp excited Nd:YAG laser.

Furthermore, a gas processor 703 is connected to the laser generator702. The gas processor 703 corresponds to an excited gas purifier forremoving halides (i.e., fluorides in case of KrF excimer laser andchlorides in case of XeCl excimer laser) generated inside the lasergenerator 702.

A half mirror 704 is provided between the laser generator 702 and theoptical system 706 above, so that a part of the laser output is takenout and detected by a control unit 705. The control unit 705 controlsthe discharge power of the laser generator 702 in correspondence withthe fluctuation in the detected laser energy.

The object substrate 709 is placed on a stage 711 provided on asubstrate support table 710, and is maintained at a predeterminedtemperature (300 to 650° C.) by a heater provided inside the substratesupport table 710. The stage 711 is equipped with a thermocouple 712 sothat the measured result may be feed back immediately to control theheater.

Furthermore, the laser irradiation chamber 701, whose atmosphere iscontrollable, is equipped with a vacuum evacuation pump 713 as a meansfor reducing pressure and for evacuation. The vacuum evacuation pump 713is capable of realizing high degree of vacuum, e.g., a turbo molecularpump and a criosorption pump.

A gas supply pipe 714 connected to an O₂ (oxygen) gas bomb via a valveand a gas supply pipe 715 connected to a He (helium) gas bomb via avalve are provided as a gas supply means. Preferably, the gas usedherein has a purity of more than 99.99999% (7 N).

In the laser irradiation chamber 701 having the constitution describedabove, the substrate support table 710 is moved in a direction making aright angle with respect to the linear direction along the linear laserbeam. This constitution allows the laser beam to be irradiated whilescanning the upper surface of the object substrate 709.

A gate valve 717 is provided as an inlet and outlet for charging anddischarging the object substrate 709, and is connected to an externalsubstrate transport chamber.

Referring to FIG. 8, the process for processing the pulsed laser beaminside the optical system 706 (shown in FIG. 7) is briefly describedbelow.

Firstly, by using an optical system consisting of optical lenses 801 and802, the laser light emitted from a laser generator is shaped into alaser light having a predetermined beam shape and a predetermineddistribution of energy density.

The distribution of energy density in the resulting laser light iscorrected by two homogenizers 803 and 804.

The homogenizer 803 has a function of correcting the energy density inthe width direction within the finally obtained linearly shaped beam.

The homogenizer 804 has a function of correcting the energy density inthe longitudinal direction within the finally obtained linearly shapedbeam. Because the laser beam is extended in the longitudinal directionfor a length of 10 cm or more, the setting of the optical parameters ofthe homogenizer 804 must be carried out with great care.

Optical lenses 805, 806, and 808 are provided to linearly shape thelaser beam. In addition, a mirror 807 is provided.

In the constitution according to the present examples, 12 cylindricallenses (each having a width of 5 mm) constitute the homogenizer 804. Theincident laser beam is split into approximately 10 beams.

That is, the homogenizer is arranged with a little margin with respectto the laser light so that the inner ten cylindrical lenses are mainlyused.

In the present example, the finally obtained length of the laserradiation energy in the longitudinal direction of the laser radiation is12 cm.

By employing the constitution above, the unevenness in energy density ofa linear laser light can be eliminated, and uniform annealing can beapplied to a semiconductor material.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the fluctuation in the energy density of the irradiatedlaser per pulse;

FIGS. 2A to 2E show the process steps in fabricating a thin filmtransistor;

FIGS. 3A to 3D show the process steps in forming a crystalline siliconfilm;

FIGS. 4A to 4E show the process steps in fabricating another thin filmtransistor;

FIG. 5 is a scheme of an active matrix liquid crystal display device;

FIGS. 6A to 6D show the process steps in fabricating a still other thinfilm transistor;

FIG. 7 shows a scheme of a laser irradiation chamber;

FIG. 8 shows a scheme of an optical system of a laser device;

FIG. 9 shows a scheme of a part of a laser device;

FIG. 10 shows a scheme of a part of another laser device;

FIG. 11 is a graph showing the relation between the laser energy and thepulse width;

FIG. 12 shows a scheme of another optical system of a laser device; and

FIG. 13 shows a scheme of a still other optical system of a laserdevice.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the present invention, the distribution of fluctuation in variousparameters influencing either directly or indirectly the lasercrystallization process in annealing a semiconductor film using apulse-emitting type excimer laser is constrained. In this manner, acrystalline silicon film having high uniformity can be obtained withhigh reproducibility.

The constitution of the present invention is described in further detailby making reference to the examples below. It should be understood,however, that the present invention is not to be construed as beinglimited thereto.

EXAMPLE 1

The present example describes a case of fabricating a thin filmtransistor according to the invention disclosed by the presentspecification. FIGS. 2A to 2E show the steps of a process forfabricating a thin film transistor of the present example.

The step of laser annealing in the present example accelerates thecrystallization of the amorphous silicon film and the activation of theimpurity ions implanted in the active layer.

First, a 2,000-Å-thick silicon oxide film is formed on a glass substrate201 as an underlying film 202 by means of sputtering or plasma CVD.Particularly, when sputtering method using an artificial quartz targetis employed, the grain diameter of each crystal of crystalline siliconfilm formed later increases so as to form an active layer with highcrystallinity.

An amorphous silicon film 203 is formed thereafter by means of plasmaCVD or low pressure thermal CVD at a film thickness of from 100 to 2,000Å (preferably from 100 to 1,000 Å, representatively, from 200 to 500 Å).The amorphous silicon film 203 has a film thickness distributed within arange of ±5%, preferably within a range of ±2.5%, in the surface of thesubstrate.

Because the film thickness depends on the total combination of thevarious film deposition conditions such as the gas pressure, thedistance between substrates, etc., there is no universal rule concerningthe means for controlling the film thickness within the surface of thesubstrate. However, for instance, considering the fact that the filmthickness distribution in the edge of an object substrate becomesimpaired due to the influence of the change in gas flow and the like, asusceptor larger than the substrate may be prepared in advance, so thata constitution in which the substrate is fit only within a region havingfavorable film thickness distribution is realized. An amorphous siliconfilm with high uniformity can be readily obtained in this manner.

The fluctuation in film thickness of the amorphous silicon film 203 isnot preferred because it is directly related with the fluctuation in thecrystallinity of the crystalline silicon film. Accordingly, acrystalline silicon film with high uniformity can be obtained byconstraining the fluctuation in film thickness within the aforementionedrange.

From the viewpoint of improving the density of the film and thecrystallinity of the crystalline silicon film, the amorphous siliconfilm 203 is preferably formed by means of low pressure thermal CVD.

In forming the film utilizing low pressure thermal CVD, disilane(Si₂H₆), trisilane (Si₃H₈), etc. is used as a starting gas material. Thefilm formation is performed in a temperature range of from 420 to 500°C. In the present example, a 500-Å-thick amorphous silicon film 203 wasformed at a film formation temperature of 450° C. by using disilane. Toobtain a film with uniform film quality and thickness, the fluctuationin film formation temperature (the temperature within the substratesurface) was controlled so that the fluctuation may fall within a rangeof ±1° C.

In general, the film formation temperature is maintained by using aheating means such as a heater, but with increasing size of the objectsubstrate, the use of a sheet-wise system becomes dominant. In such acase, a heating means using lamp annealing is effective in achieving auniformly distributed temperature.

In both cases of using heater or lamp annealing, a thermocouple isprovided to the stage (inclusive of a susceptor) for supporting thesubstrate, and the measured results are fed back for the temperaturecontrol.

Thus is obtained a state illustrated in FIG. 2A. Once this state isobtained, the crystallization step is performed by irradiating laser tothe amorphous silicon film 203. The laser crystallization step iscarried out by using a laser device above having a constitutionillustrated in FIG. 7.

Laser light for use in the present example include an excimer laserusing XeCl, KrF, ArF, etc., as the excitation gases, or a fourthharmonic of an Nd:YAG laser and the like. In the present example,however, a KrF excimer laser (emitting light at a wavelength of 248 nm)is employed. In case the load to the optical system and the lasergenerator should be further minimized, it is effective to use an XeClexcimer laser emitting light at a wavelength of 308 nm longer than thatof KrF excimer laser and therefore having a weaker photon energy.

Laser annealing is performed under an atmosphere containing helium.Helium has a low specific heat and excels in heat conductivity. Thesecharacteristics are extremely effective in accurately controlling thesubstrate temperature.

In case of performing laser annealing in an atmosphere containingoxygen, the surface roughening of the silicon film can be prevented fromoccurring because the surface of the silicon film is protected by theformation of a naturally oxidized film during processing. Thesuppression of the formation of rough surface is extremely effective incase a thin film transistor is completed, and a favorable MOS interfaceis to be formed.

Accordingly, by introducing gaseous oxygen and gaseous helium at a ratioof 1:1 through gas supply pipes 714 and 715, laser annealing isperformed under a mixed gas atmosphere containing gaseous oxygen andgaseous helium at a gas pressure in a range of from 1 to 760 Torr.

Thus, the temperature distribution in the surface of the objectsubstrate can be accurately controlled, and the surface roughening ofthe silicon film can be suppressed to a minimum level.

In addition, from the viewpoint of avoiding inclusion of an impurityinto the film during the irradiation of laser, it is furthermorepreferred to introduce gaseous helium and gaseous oxygen with a puritylevel exceeding 7 N.

To maintain the gas purity at a high level, it is also effective tocirculate the gaseous atmosphere inside the laser irradiation chamber701 during the laser irradiation process. For instance, fresh gas may beintroduced continuously while evacuating used gas, or a gas processorand the like may be installed to constantly purify the gas atmosphere.

Furthermore, in forming the gaseous atmosphere above, it is preferred topreviously remove C (carbon) and N (nitrogen) elements inside the laserirradiation chamber 701 as much as possible. The compounds of C and Nelements, such as NH₃, CO, and CO₂ may be found as factors having badinfluence on semiconductor devices.

Furthermore, C and N elements may form hard coating such as SiC_(x) orSiN_(x) on the surface of the silicon film, and are suspected to laterinduce contact failure in the source/drain regions.

Thus, it is preferred to introduce gaseous oxygen and gaseous heliumafter evacuating the laser irradiation chamber 701 to attain a highdegree of vacuum of 10⁻⁶ Torr or lower. By thus maintaining the insideof the laser irradiation chamber to a state as clean as possible, theconcentration of impurities containing C or N elements in thecomposition may be lowered to a level of 1 ppm or even lower.

As described in the foregoing, the laser device for use in the presentexample enables a highly clean vacuum state by evacuating the laserirradiation chamber 701 employing a vacuum evacuation pump capable ofrealizing high degree of vacuum, e.g., a turbo molecular pump, a cryopump, etc.

Concerning the laser processing temperature (substrate temperature), theobject substrate 709 and the stage 711 supporting the substrate aremaintained at a temperature range of from 300 to 650° C. by using abuilt-in heater provided to the substrate support table 710.

In the present example, the substrate temperature is controlled to fallwithin a temperature range of 450±5° C. (preferably within ±2° C.). Itis important to control the temperature in this range from the viewpointof achieving uniform crystallinity. According to the study of thepresent inventors, it is confirmed that the crystallinity itself can beimproved by controlling the temperature to fall in the range above.

The reason why a highly uniform crystallinity is obtained can beexplained as follows. That is, by elevating the substrate temperature,the laser irradiation energy can include some margin. This suppressesthe fluctuation in laser irradiation energy in case a laser device whichbecomes unstable at high output is utilized.

The temperature control is performed while feeding back the dataacquired by the thermocouple 712 provided to the stage 711. The use ofan atmosphere containing helium furthermore facilitates the control ofthe substrate temperature.

Because the optimum value of the irradiated laser light energy densitydiffers depending on the crystallinity of the crystalline silicon film,the present inventors previously perform experiments to determine theoptimal conditions.

In the present example, laser light is irradiated at an energy densityof 230 mJ/cm² to crystallize the amorphous silicon film 203. The laserlight is scanned at a rate of 2.4 mm/s and at a frequency of 40 Hz.

The laser light for use in the present invention is emitted from apulse-emitting device, and a plurality of pulsed beams are superposed oneach other to scan the irradiation plane (the surface of the siliconfilm in this case).

Referring to FIG. 11, the distribution of laser energy per pulse isdescribed below. In FIG. 11 is shown an ideal waveform per pulse of thelaser radiation, and the other waveforms are omitted. The pulse width istaken in the abscissa at units of time. The laser energy (which mayexpressed in terms of density) is taken in the ordinate at an arbitraryunit.

In the present invention, the most important key is to precisely controlthe laser energy, and this control directly influences the crystallinityof the crystalline silicon film.

The parameters which require precise control include peak value, peakwidth at half height, and threshold width. Referring to FIG. 11, theexplanation for the parameters is given below.

Referring to FIG. 11, the peak value E_(max) is the maximum value of thelaser energy. An ideal waveform is shown in FIG. 11, and differs from apractical peak. More specifically, in practice, it is found a greatproblem that the peak value greatly fluctuates during the irradiation.Such a fluctuation in peak value is found as a fluctuation in energydensity of a beam irradiated onto the irradiation surface, and itgreatly influences the crystallinity.

The peak width at half height corresponds to the pulse width (where timeis taken for the unit) taken at half height (expressed by ½E_(max) ofthe peak value E_(max). In other words, it corresponds to the averagepulse width in case of performing laser annealing for a single pulse.Thus, in general, the peak width at half height is discussed as thepulse width.

The threshold width corresponds to the pulse width (where time is takenfor the unit) when the laser energy is at the threshold value (alsocalled as a fusion threshold value, expressed herein by E_(th)). Thethreshold width is a value corresponding to about ¼ to ½ of the peakwidth at half height.

The threshold value (fusion threshold value) corresponds to thethreshold indicating that any laser energy at this value or higherinitiates the fusion of the irradiated surface (the surface of thesilicon film in this case). Accordingly, within the range of thresholdwidth, laser light is irradiated with an energy sufficient to melt theirradiated surface.

In the present invention, the range corresponding to the threshold widthas shown in FIG. 11 is denoted as the energy region effective formelting a silicon film, i.e., “an effective melting region”. Thus, themost important factor in suppressing the fluctuation in lasercrystallization energy is to precisely control the effective meltingregion.

Accordingly, in controlling the effective melting area above, it isindispensable to control the fluctuation of the peak value E_(max), thepeak width at half height, and the threshold width. Thus, as is proposedin the present invention, it is the key factor to control the peak valueE_(max), the peak width at half height, and the threshold width within arange of ±3%, preferably within a range of ±1.5% of the targeted value.

In the present example, with reference to FIG. 7, the fluctuation inpeak value E_(max) is controlled by taking out a part of the laser lightemitted from the laser generator 702 by using the half mirror 704, andbased on the energy detected by the control unit 705.

As described above, it is extremely effective in suppressing thefluctuation in the peak value E_(max) to elevate the substratetemperature and to thereby allow a margin in the laser energy necessaryfor the crystallization.

Furthermore, the purity of the excitation gas (Kr, F, Xe, Cl, etc.) inthe laser generator 702 shown in FIG. 7 becomes extremely important incontrolling the peak width at half height and threshold width. If thepurity of the excitation gas drops, the emission of laser light itselffluctuates as to affect the rise of laser pulse.

For example, gases such as Kr or F are generally diluted with an inertgas such as Ne, and then introduced inside the laser generator 702.Accordingly, to prevent fluctuation from occurring in the laser light,these gases preferably have a purity exceeding 7 N.

Even in case an excitation gas with high purity is used, halides areformed during the prolonged use thereof, and this is found as the causeof impairing the purity of the gas inside the laser generator 702.

Accordingly, in the laser device for use in the present example, a gasprocessor 703 is connected to the laser generator 702 to maintain thehigh purity of the excitation gas. The gas processor 703 corresponds toa purifier which captures and removes the aforementioned halides byusing an extremely low-temperature capture medium while circulating theexcitation gas inside the laser generator 702.

As described in the foregoing, the use of a laser device according tothe present example, whose constitution is shown in FIG. 7, enablescontrolling the peak value E_(max), the peak width at half height, andthe threshold width within a range of ±3%, preferably within a range of±1.5% of the targeted value.

Precise control of the effective fusion region is possible by preciselycontrolling the peak value E_(max), the peak width at half height, andthe threshold width. That is, a crystalline silicon film havingexcellent uniformity can be obtained because laser annealing of theirradiated surface is performed under a homogeneous laser energy.

In the present example, laser annealing is applied under the precisecontrol above on a silicon film at an arbitrary unit area by a durationof from 100 to 5,000 nsec. This period of time is necessary forachieving the required crystallinity, and was obtained experimentally bythe present inventors.

However, because the present inventors regard only the duration of laserannealing in the effective fusion region as the process time, and regardthe cumulative threshold width as the process time. Thus, the processtime can be expressed by the threshold width t_(n) according to thefollowing equation 1: $\begin{matrix}{{\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{m}\quad t_{n}} = {100\quad {to}\quad 5,000\quad \left( {n\quad \sec} \right)}} & \left\lbrack \left. {{Equation}\quad 1} \right\rbrack \right.\end{matrix}$

That is, the cumulative time duration of performing laser annealing inthe effective fusion region corresponds to the process time. Forinstance, the peak width at half height in case of laser annealing inthe present example is in a range of from 30 to 40 nsec, and thethreshold width (duration of irradiating laser in the effective fusionregion) is in a range of from 10 to 20 nsec.

Furthermore, because a linear laser having a lateral width of 0.9 mm isscanned at a scanning rate of 2.4 mm/s in such a manner that theirradiated region may be superposed on each other, the pulsed laserirradiation is effected for about 15 times per unit area (that is, m=15in Equation 1 above). Accordingly, in the present example, the durationof irradiating laser in the effective fusion region is in a range offrom 150 to 300 nsec.

It is also possible to appropriately control the duration of laserirradiation in the effective fusion region by increasing the irradiationtime per unit area by either increasing the frequency of pulsed laser orby decreasing the scanning rate.

By thus performing laser annealing, a crystalline silicon film 204 asshown in FIG. 2B can be obtained. Because the crystalline silicon film204 is formed by a precisely controlled laser annealing, the siliconfilm is obtained with excellent uniformity and reproducibility.

The term “excellent uniformity” as referred herein signifies that, whenthe silicon film is used in constructing an electro-optical device of anactive matrix type, the resulting products are obtained with no unevendisplay or stripe patterns, or with no fluctuation in characteristicsper lot.

Furthermore, because C and N elements are completely removed from theinside of the crystalline silicon film 204, their concentration in thevicinity of the interface is reduced to 2×10¹⁹ cm⁻³ or lower, and theconcentration inside the bulk is 5×10¹⁸ cm⁻³ or lower.

The concentration above is obtained from the minimum value of SIMS(secondary ion mass spectroscopy) analysis. The term “bulk” as referredherein signifies the inside of the film exclusive of the region in thevicinity of the interface.

The thus obtained crystalline silicon film 204 is then patterned to forman island-like semiconductor layer 205 to provide the active layer of athin film transistor (FIG. 2C).

In an embodiment of the present example, an active layer is formed afterlaser annealing is performed, but laser light may be irradiated afterforming the active layer.

This case comprises annealing a minute area. Accordingly, the desiredeffect can be obtained at a lower laser light output. That is, thefluctuation can be further suppressed by taking a margin in laseroutput.

After obtaining the active layer (island-like semiconductor layer) 205,a silicon oxide film which functions as a gate insulating film 206 isformed in such a manner that it may cover the active layer 205. A1,000-Å-thick silicon oxide film is formed as the gate insulating film206 by means of plasma CVD, but a silicon nitride film or a siliconoxynitride film expressed by SiO_(x)N_(y) may be used in the place ofthe silicon oxide film.

A 3,000-Å-thick aluminum film not shown in the figure is formed toconstruct a gate electrode 207. Scandium is added at a concentration of0.2% by weight into the aluminum film to suppress the generation ofhillocks and whiskers.

Hillocks and whiskers are needle-like or acicular protrusions attributedto the abnormal growth of aluminum. Hillocks and whiskers are notpreferred because they induce short circuit between the electrodes orthe wirings.

For the gate electrode 207, it is also possible to use electricallyconductive materials other than aluminum.

After placing a resist mask not shown in the figure, an aluminum filmalso not shown is patterned by using the mask. In this manner, a patternwhich provides the base for constituting the gate electrode 207 isformed. After forming the pattern for the construction of the gateelectrode 207, an anodic oxide film is formed with the aforementionedresist mask (not shown) being placed.

In this case, an aqueous solution containing 3% of nitric acid is usedas the electrolytic solution. The anodic oxidation step is performed byapplying a current between the patterned aluminum film (not shown)functioning as the anode and a platinum cathode. In this manner, ananodic oxide film 208 is formed on the exposed surface of the patternedaluminum film.

The anodic oxide film 208 thus formed is porus. Furthermore, because aresist mask not shown in the figure is present, a porous anodic oxidefilm 208 is also formed on the sides of the pattern.

The porous anodic oxide film is formed at a film thickness (distance ofgrowth) of 3,000 Å. An offset gate region can be formed depending on thefilm thickness of the porous anodic oxide film 208. The film thicknessof the anodic oxide film 208 can be controlled by the duration of anodicoxidation.

Then, after removing the resist mask not shown, anodic oxidation isperformed again. In this step, an ethylene glycol solution containing 3%of tartaric acid and neutralized by ammonia is used as the electrolyticsolution.

Because the electrolytic solution intrudes into the porous anodic oxidefilm 208 in this step, dense anodic oxide film 209 is obtained in astate as such that the anodic oxide film 209 is in contact with the gateelectrode 207.

The film thickness of the dense anodic oxide film 209 can be controlledby adjusting the applied voltage. In the present example, a 900-Å-thickanodic oxide film 209 is formed.

An offset gate region can be formed in the later step by thicklyproviding the dense anodic oxide film 209. In such a case, the offsetgate region can be formed depending on the film thickness. In thepresent example, however, the contribution of the film to the formationof an offset gate region is negligible because the anodic oxide film isthin.

Thus is obtained a state illustrated in FIG. 2C. Referring to FIG. 2C,impurity ions are implanted to form source and drain regions. In thiscase, P (phosphorus) ions are implanted at a dose of 1×10¹⁵ atoms/cm² tofabricate an N-channel type thin film transistor.

B (boron) ions are implanted for the fabrication of a P-channel typethin film transistor.

By implanting impurity ions to the structure illustrated in FIG. 2C,impurity ions are implanted into regions 210 and 211. No impurity ionsare implanted into the regions 212 and 213. Because no voltage isapplied to the regions 212 and 213 by the gate electrode 207, theseregions function as offset gate regions and not as channel formingregions.

The region 214 functions as a channel forming region. Thus is obtained astate as shown in FIG. 2D.

Upon completion of the implantation of impurity ions, laser light isirradiated in order to activate the region doped with the impurity ionsand to anneal the region damaged by the ion bombardment (hereinafter,this step is referred to as a “laser activation step”).

Similar to the laser crystallization step, the laser activation step canbe performed to achieve an annealing effect with high uniformity byapplying a similar precise control using the same device as that used inthe laser crystallization. In this step, however, the heatingtemperature for the object substrate must be determined by taking theheat resistance of the aluminum gate electrode 207 into consideration.

Accordingly, in the present example, the laser activation step iscarried out while heating the substrate temperature to 200° C. If amaterial having high heat resistance is used for the gate electrode 207,as a matter of course, the temperature of the substrate may be elevatedin accordance with the heat resistance.

The conditions of laser irradiation in the laser activation step changedepending on the crystallinity of the active layer 205 as well as on thequantity of implanted impurity ions. Accordingly, optimum conditionsmust be determined previously by repeatedly conducting experiments. Inthe present example, laser irradiation is effected at an energy densityof 160 mJ/cm².

After obtaining a state illustrated in FIG. 2D, a silicon nitride filmor a silicon oxide film is formed to provide an interlayer insulatingfilm 215. A multilayered film of a silicon nitride film and a siliconoxide film may be used for the interlayer insulating film 215.Otherwise, a multilayered film of silicon nitride film and a resin filmcan be used as well.

After forming an interlayer insulating film 215, contact holes areprovided therein. Then, a source electrode 216 and a drain electrode 217are formed. Thus is completed a thin film transistor as shown in FIG.2E.

The thin film transistor thus fabricated comprises a highly uniformactive layer for the key portion thereof. Accordingly, a highperformance thin film transistor capable of stable operation can beimplemented.

The N-channel thin film transistor thus fabricated exhibits favorableelectric characteristics which yield a threshold value of about 1.5 Vand an ON current in a range of from 10 to 15 μA under drive conditionswith a drain voltage Vd of 14 V and a gate voltage Vg of 10 V.

EXAMPLE 2

The present example refers to a case of crystallizing the amorphoussilicon film, which is referred in example 1, by means of heattreatment. In the present example, furthermore, a metallic element isused for the acceleration of crystallization. As a matter of course, thecrystallization may be effected without using a metallic element.

Thus, an object of the present example is to further improve, byapplying laser annealing, the crystallinity of the crystalline siliconfilm formed by heat treatment.

Since the process steps other than the crystallization are the same asthe constitution described in example 1, the description in the presentexample is restricted only to the points differing from those describedin example 1 with reference to FIG. 3.

First, a 2,000-Å-thick silicon oxide film is formed by sputtering orplasma CVD as a base film 302 on a substrate 301.

Then, an amorphous silicon film 303 is formed to a thickness of from 200to 500 Å by means of plasma CVD or low pressure thermal CVD. Similar toexample 1, the amorphous silicon film 303 is formed in such a mannerthat the fluctuation in film thickness on the surface of the substrateis constrained to distribute within ±5%, preferably, ±2.5% of thetargeted value.

After forming the amorphous silicon film 303, an UV light is irradiatedthereto under an oxygen atmosphere to form a very thin oxide film (notshown) on the surface of the amorphous silicon film 303. The oxide filmimproves the wettability of the surface to a solution that is appliedthereon on the later step of introducing a metallic element by means ofsolution coating (FIG. 3A).

Then, a metallic element is introduced to accelerate the crystallizationof the amorphous silicon film 303. The details of this technique isdisclosed in JP-A-Hei 6-232059 and JP-A-Hei 7-321339 (the term “JP-A-”as referred herein signifies “an unexamined published Japanese patentapplication”) filed by the present inventors.

In the present example, Ni (nickel) is used as the metallic elementwhich accelerates the crystallization. In addition to Ni, usablemetallic elements include Fe, Co, Cu, Pd, Pt, and Au.

In the present example, a nickel acetate solution is used to introducemetallic Ni. More specifically, a nickel acetate solution prepared at apredetermined Ni concentration (10 ppm by weight in the present case) isapplied dropwise to the amorphous silicon film 303. In this manner, astate comprising an aqueous film 304 is realized (FIG. 3B).

The solution applied in excess is blown away by means, of spin dryingusing a spin coater (not shown). Thus, an ultra-thin nickel layer isformed on the oxide film (not shown) formed on the amorphous siliconfilm 303 by this solution-coating process.

A crystalline silicon film 305 is then obtained by performing heattreatment at a temperature in a range of from 500 to 700° C.,representatively, at 600° C., for a duration of 4 hours in an inertatmosphere or in an inert atmosphere containing gaseous hydrogen (FIG.3C).

It is important to control the temperature during the heat treatment tofall within a range of ±5° C., preferably within ±2° C., of the targetedtemperature, because the intergranular crystallinity of the crystallinesilicon film depends on this crystallization step effected by thepresent heat treatment.

Similar to example 1, it is necessary to precisely control thetemperature by monitoring the substrate temperature using atemperature-detecting element, such as a thermocouple, provided to thesusceptor which supports the substrate.

Once the crystalline silicon film 305 is obtained, laser light isirradiated to improve the crystallinity. Similar to the lasercrystallization process described in example 1, the laser annealing mustbe conducted under strictly controlled conditions. Furthermore, as wasthe case in example 1, a laser device whose constitution is shown inFIG. 7 is used in this process.

The laser annealing step comprises irradiating an ultraviolet-emittinglaser to the crystalline silicon film. In this manner, the crystallinesilicon film is once molten, and then recrystallized to improve thecrystallinity.

As compared with an amorphous silicon film, a crystalline silicon filmless absorbs light in the ultraviolet wavelength region. Accordingly,laser light for use in the laser annealing step must be irradiated witha higher energy. Furthermore, the laser energy must be higher for acrystalline silicon film having higher crystallinity. Thus, the laserenergy must be determined experimentally in advance. In the presentexample, laser is irradiated at an energy density of 260 mJ/cm² (FIG.3D).

Thus is obtained a crystalline silicon film 306 whose crystallinity isconsiderably improved. Similar to the case in example 1, the crystallinesilicon film 306 thus obtained yields excellent uniformity with highreproducibility.

EXAMPLE 3

The present example refers to a case of fabricating a thin filmtransistor comprising an LDD (lightly doped drain) region by means of aprocess described in example 1, but which is further ameliorated.

First, the same process steps as those described in example 1 arefollowed to obtain an impurity-implanted state shown in FIG. 2D.

Then, the porous anodic oxide film 208 is removed, and the impurity ionsare implanted again. The implantation of impurity ions is effected inthe same manner and by using the same impurity ions as in the step offorming the source region 210 and the drain region 211, except forlowering the dose.

As a result, impurity ions (for instance, P ions) are implanted intoregions 212 and 213 at a density lower than that in the source and drainregions. In this manner, low density impurity regions are formed inregions 212 and 213. The low density impurity region 213 on the drainregion side 211 becomes the region generally known as LDD (lightly dopeddrain) region.

Then, once the impurity implanted regions are formed, a laser activationstep similar to that in example 1 is performed. According to the studyof the present inventors, however, it is known that the low densityimpurity regions (particularly the LDD regions) are apt to reflect theinfluence of the fluctuation in laser energy.

Accordingly, the application of laser annealing under precise control inaccordance with the present invention is a particularly effective meansin fabricating a low density impurity region having excellentuniformity, as well as in fabricating a thin film transistor havinguniform electric properties.

A complete thin film transistor is then obtained by performing the stepillustrated in FIG. 2E.

The LDD region has the functions similar to that of an offset gateregion. That is, it relaxes the intense electric field between thechannel forming region and the drain region, and decreases the leakcurrent during the OFF operation. Furthermore, in case of an N-channeltype thin film transistor, it suppresses the generation of hot carriers;hence, it prevents the problem of degradation from occurring due to thepresence of hot carriers.

EXAMPLE 4

The present example refers to a case in which an active matrix liquidcrystal display device is constructed by using a thin film transistor(TFT) fabricated in accordance with the present invention. Thefabrication process for the pixel TFTs provided in the pixel region andthe circuit TFTs provided in the peripheral drive circuit is describedbriefly below with reference to FIGS. 4A to 4E.

It should be noted that, however, the description concerning the controlon fluctuation and the like of the parameters in the process steps isomitted, because it is already described in example 1. In thedescription below, the process steps for fabricating circuit TFTs andpixel TFTs are referred by taking it for granted that the basic processis the same as the constitution explained in example 1.

First, a glass substrate 401, representatively Corning 7059 and thelike, is prepared. As a matter of course, a quartz substrate or asemiconductor material having an insulating surface can be used. Then, asilicon oxide film is formed at a thickness of 2,000 Å to provide anunderlying film 402. The underlying film 402 can be formed by means ofsputtering or plasma CVD.

A 100 to 1,000-Å-thick amorphous silicon film (not shown) is formedthereon by means of plasma CVD or low pressure thermal CVD. In thepresent example, a 500-Å-thick film is formed by low pressure thermalCVD.

Then, the amorphous silicon film not shown in the figure is crystallizedby means of a proper crystallization method. The crystallization can beperformed by a heat treatment in a temperature range of from 550 to 650°C. for a duration of 1 to 24 hours, or by irradiating laser at awavelength of 248, 265, or 308 nm. The both methods can be usedsimultaneously, or an element (such as Ni) which accelerates thecrystallization may be added.

Then, the crystalline silicon film thus obtained by crystallizing theamorphous silicon film is patterned to form island-like semiconductorlayers as active layers 403 and 404.

A silicon oxynitride film 405 expressed by SiO_(x)N_(y) is formed to athickness of 1,200 Å by plasma CVD. In the later steps, the siliconoxynitride film 405 functions as a gate insulating film. A silicon oxidefilm or a silicon nitride film can be used in the place of the siliconoxynitride film.

Then, a 4,000-Å-thick aluminum film 406 is formed by means of DCsputtering. Scandium is added at a concentration of 0.2% by weight intothe aluminum film to suppress the generation of hillocks and whiskers.The aluminum film 406 thus formed functions in the later steps toprovide a gate electrode.

A film of other metallic materials, such as Mo, Ti, Ta, Cr, etc., may beused in the place of the aluminum film. Otherwise, a conductive film,such as of polysilicon or silicide materials, can be used as well.

Then, anodic oxidation is performed in an electrolytic solution usingthe aluminum film 406 as an anode. An ethylene glycol solutioncontaining 3% of tartaric acid neutralized by aqueous ammonia to adjustthe pH value thereof to 6.92 may be used for the electrolytic solution.This process is effected by using platinum as a cathode and by applyinga chemical conversion current of 5 mA at a final voltage of 10 V.

The thus obtained not shown dense anodic oxide film is effective tolater improve the adhesiveness to the photoresist. Furthermore, the filmthickness can be controlled by changing the duration of applied voltage(FIG. 4A).

Then, after thus obtaining the state shown in FIG. 4A, the aluminum film406 is patterned to form the prototype for the gate electrode that isformed in a later step. Then, a second anodic oxidation is performed toform anodic oxide films 407 and 408 (FIG. 4B).

The second anodic oxidation is effected in an aqueous 3% oxalic acidprovided as the electrolytic solution, and by using a platinum cathodeunder a chemical conversion current of from 2 to 3 mA and at a finalvoltage of 8 V.

In this step, the anodic oxidation proceeds in a direction parallel tothe base. Furthermore, the length of the porous anodic oxide films 407and 408 is controlled by changing the duration of applied voltage.

Then, after removing the photoresist by using a proper strippingsolution, a third anodic oxidation is performed. An ethylene glycolsolution containing 3% of tartaric acid neutralized by aqueous ammoniato adjust the pH value thereof to 6.92 may be used for the electrolyticsolution. This process is effected by using platinum as the cathode andby applying a chemical conversion current of 5 to 6 mA at a finalvoltage of 100 V.

The anodic oxide films 409 and 410 thus obtained are extremely dense andstrong. Accordingly, they are effective for protecting the gateelectrodes 411 and 412 from being damaged in the later steps such as thedoping step. However, because the strong anodic oxide films 409 and 410are sparingly etched, it tends that a longer etching time duration istaken in forming contact holes. Thus, the anodic oxide films arepreferably formed at a thickness of 1,000 Å or less.

After obtaining a state as is shown in FIG. 4B, impurities are implantedinto active layers 403 and 404 by means of ion doping. In case offabricating an N-channel TFT, for instance, P (phosphorus) is implanted,whereas B (boron) is implanted as an impurity in case of fabricating aP-channel TFT.

Thus, source/drain regions 413 and 414 for the circuit TFT as well assource/drain regions 415 and 416 for the pixel TFT are formed in aself-aligned manner.

Then, ion implantation is performed again after removing the porousanodic oxide films 407 and 408. In this case, ions are implanted at adose lower than that at the previous ion implantation.

Low density impurity regions 417 and 418 for the circuit TFT, a channelforming region 421, low density impurity regions 419 and 420 for thepixel TFT, and a channel forming region 422 are formed in a self-alignedmanner.

Once a state illustrated in FIG. 4C is obtained, KrF laser is irradiatedand thermal annealing is performed. In the present example, laser lightis applied at an energy density of from 160 to 170 mJ/cm², and thermalannealing is effected at a temperature in a range of from 300 to 450° C.for a duration of 1 hour. The crystallinity of the active layers 403 and404, which were damaged in the ion doping step, can be improved byperforming this step.

A silicon nitride film (which may be replaced by a silicon oxide film)is formed by means of plasma CVD at a thickness of from 3,000 to 5,000 Åto provide a first interlayer insulating film 423. The interlayerinsulating film 423 may have a multilayered structure (FIG. 4D).

After the first interlayer insulating film 423 is formed, the interlayerinsulating film provided on the source region 413, the gate electrode411, and the drain region 414 of the circuit TFT, as well as the sourceregion 415 of the pixel TFT is etched to form contact holes.

Then, a source electrode 424, a gate electrode 425, and a drainelectrode 426 for the circuit TFT as well as the source electrode 427for the pixel TFT are formed by using a layered film of titanium and amaterial containing aluminum as a principal component.

Then, a silicon nitride film (which may be replaced by a silicon oxidefilm) is formed by means of plasma CVD at a thickness of from 3,000 to5,000 Å to provide a second interlayer insulating film 428. Theinterlayer insulating film 428 may have a multilayered structure (FIG.4E).

After forming the second interlayer insulating film 428, the interlayerinsulating films 428 and 423 provided on the drain region 416 of thepixel TFT are etched to form contact holes, and to thereby form a pixelelectrode 429 comprising a transparent electrically conductive film. Inthis manner, a circuit TFT and a pixel TFT are formed as illustrated inFIG. 4E.

A scheme of the active matrix liquid crystal display device comprisingthe circuit TFT and the pixel TFT described above is provided in FIG. 5.Referring to FIG. 5, horizontal scanning circuit 502 and a verticalscanning circuit 503 are provided on a glass substrate 501.

An external image signal is taken through an input terminal 504, and issent to a pixel electrode by using a pixel TFT controlled by thehorizontal and the vertical scanning circuits 502 and 503 as a switchingelement. Then, images are displayed in the pixel region 505 by changingthe electro-optical properties of the liquid crystal being interposedbetween the pixel electrode and the opposing substrate. A commonelectrode 506 for applying a predetermined voltage to the opposingsubstrate is also provided.

Thus, a circuit TFT as shown in the aforementioned FIGS. 4A to 4E canconstitute the horizontal and the vertical scanning circuits 502 and 503in a CMOS structure in which N-channel type and P-channel type arecombined in a complementary structure.

As shown in the enlarged FIG. 507 for the pixel region 505, the pixelTFTs can be placed on each of the cross points of the gate and sourcelines provided in a matrix-like arrangement. In this manner, they can beused as switching elements controlling the quantity of charge input andoutput into the pixel electrode.

The device shown in FIG. 5 displays the image in a manner describedschematically above, and is a compact and high performance panelcomprising a peripheral circuit operating at an operation frequency of 3MHz or higher and yielding a contrast ratio of 100 or higher at thedisplay portion.

The active matrix liquid crystal display device described in the presentexample comprises circuit TFTs and pixel TFTs having an active layerwhich exhibits crystallinity with excellent uniformity andreproducibility. Accordingly, all the thin film transistors yielduniform characteristics.

In particular, because the pixel TFTs with uniform characteristics areused, no lateral stripe patterns generate in displaying an image.Accordingly, the constitution of the present example is industriallyhighly advantageous.

EXAMPLE 5

The constitutions described in the foregoing examples 1 to 4 compriseplanar type thin film transistors, but the active layer according to thepresent invention can be applied not only to the planar type, but alsoto all types of thin film transistors.

Accordingly, the present example refers to a case of fabricating, forinstance, a reverse stagger type thin film transistor. Such a type ofthin film transistor can be formed in accordance with the techniquedisclosed in JP-A-Hei5-275452 or JP-A-Hei 7-99317. Thus, the details ofthe conditions, thickness of the films, etc., may be referred to thepublication above.

In addition, although not explained in particular, the factorsinfluencing laser annealing are controlled in a manner similar to thatdescribed in example 1.

Referring to FIG. 6A, a gate electrode 602 made of an electricallyconductive material is formed on a substrate 601 having an insulatingsurface. Considering the later crystallization of the silicon film, thegate electrode 602 is preferably made of a material having a highthermal resistance.

Furthermore, to improve withstand voltage, an anodic oxide film may beformed on the surface and the sides of the gate electrode 602 by meansof a known technique, i.e., anodic oxidation. It is also possible toimplement a constitution comprising an LDD region or an HRD region byutilizing the anodic oxide film thus obtained by the anodic oxidationprocess above. For the details of this technique, reference can be madeto JP-A-7-169974 filed by the present inventors.

Then, a silicon oxide film which functions as the gate insulating film603 is formed by means of plasma CVD, and an amorphous silicon film (notshown) is formed thereon by low pressure thermal CVD. The amorphoussilicon film not shown is then crystallized by the means described inexample 1 to provide a crystalline silicon film 604 which constitutes anactive layer (FIG. 6A).

The thus obtained crystalline silicon film 604 is patterned to form anisland-like semiconductor layer which constitutes the active layer 605.

A silicon nitride film (not shown) is formed thereafter to cover theactive layer 605. Then, a resist mask (not shown) is provided on thesilicon nitride film, and is patterned by back surface exposure toselectively remove the silicon nitride film by etching.

The island-like pattern 606 made of silicon nitride film thus obtainedfunctions as a masking material in the later step of ion implantation.

Thus is obtained a state illustrated in FIG. 6B. Then, impurity ionswhich render the exposed active layer 605 monoconductive(one-conductive) are implanted. This step can be performed by followinga known ion implantation method. After the ion implantation, theimpurity ions are activated by laser annealing and the like. As a matterof course, the laser annealing is effected in accordance with thepresent invention.

Thus, a source region 607 and a drain region 608 are formed in theactive layer 605. The region which was not implanted with ions due tothe presence of the island-like pattern 606 becomes a channel-formingregion 609 (FIG. 6C).

Once the state illustrated in FIG. 6C is obtained, a silicon oxide film610 is formed as an interlayer insulating film by means of plasma CVD.Furthermore, contact holes which reach the source region 607 and thedrain region 608 are formed.

Thus, by forming a source electrode 611 and a drain electrode 612comprising an electrically conductive material, a reverse stagger typethin film transistor as shown in FIG. 6D is completed.

As is described above, the present invention can be sufficiently appliedto a reverse stagger type thin film transistor. Because the reversestagger type thin film transistor comprises a gate electrode 602 beingplaced on the lower side of the active layer 605, the entire activelayer 605 can be advantageously subjected to a uniform treatment withoutbeing shielded by the gate electrode 602 in case the activation ofimpurity ions and the like is performed by laser annealing.

Furthermore, because of the structural advantages, a highly reliablethin film transistor free from contamination from the substrate 601 canbe implemented.

EXAMPLE 6

The material for use in the gate electrodes and the gate lines of thethin film transistors described in examples 1 to 5 above is not onlylimited to an aluminum film.

Other electrically conductive materials, such as Mo, Ti, Ta, Cr, W,etc., can be used for the gate electrode. Furthermore, it is possible touse a crystalline silicon film rendered monoconductive (one-conductive)as the gate electrode.

In particular, the use of a crystalline silicon film as the gateelectrode is advantageous in that the temperature range for use in theheat treatment in the fabrication process can be taken with increasedmargin, because the heat resistance of the crystalline silicon film iswell comparable to that of the active layer.

In case of forming a crystalline silicon film which constitutes theactive layer in a reverse stagger structure, or in improving thecrystallinity of the crystalline silicon film, for instance, a gateelectrode with higher thermal resistance is preferred because it can beused without fear of causing diffusion of the gate electrode material,etc.

EXAMPLE 7

The thin film transistors described in examples 1 to 6 above are formednot only on an insulating surface, but also on an electricallyconductive film or on an interlayer insulating film formed on asemiconductor device.

For instance, an integrated circuit having a three-dimensional structurewhich constitutes a thin film transistor according to the presentinvention can be formed on an integrated circuit, i.e., an IC formed ona silicon substrate.

An integrated circuit having the three-dimensional structure above isadvantageous in that a large scale integrated circuit is constructedwhile minimizing the dominating area (occupying area), because thesemiconductor device is constructed three-dimensionally. This point isof great importance in minimizing device size.

EXAMPLE 8

In the present example, described is a case of, in performing laserirradiation, applying auxiliary heating to the region just in front andjust at the back of the object region to be scanned by a laser light.

FIG. 9 shows a schematically drawn laser device illustrated in FIG. 7,in which the observation point is concentrated to a part. Thus, thesymbols used in FIG. 9 stand for the same portions as those shown inFIG. 7, except for the differing portions.

The irradiated laser 901 processed into a linear beam by the opticalsystem and incident to the substrate is irradiated to an amorphoussilicon film 903 formed on a substrate 902 having an edged surface in adirection approximately perpendicular to the substrate.

The laser light 901 is irradiated to the entire surface of the amorphoussilicon film 903 by moving the stage 711 in a direction shown by anarrow 904. This method is extremely useful, because a high productivitycan be achieved.

The constitution of the present example differs from that described inexample 1 in that, in irradiating a laser 901 to a particular region (alinear region), the region just in front of the object region (which isalso provided in a linear or a rectangular form) and the region just atthe back of the object region (which is also provided in a linear or arectangular form) are heated by auxiliary heating devices 905 and 906.

The auxiliary heating devices 905 and 906 radiates heat by the electriccurrent supplied by a power source 907 and thereby generating Joule'sheat. The auxiliary heating devices 905 and 906 must be provided asclose as possible to the object region that is irradiated by the laser901.

Electric current is supplied to the auxiliary heating devices 905 and906 in such a manner to heat the amorphous silicon film to apredetermined temperature. This temperature must be set as high aspossible, but by taking the heat resistance of the substrate 902 intoconsideration. According to the knowledge of the present inventors, incase of using a glass substrate, for instance, this temperature is setas high as possible but not higher than the deformation temperature ofthe glass substrate.

Furthermore, in this case, the temperature for heating the amorphoussilicon film 903 by means of the auxiliary heating devices 905 and 906is set to be higher by 50 to 100° C. than the heating temperature of theheater built-in the substrate support table 710 provided to the lowerportion of the stage.

Furthermore, in this constitution, the auxiliary heating devices 905 and906 are equipped with thermocouples and the like to perform precisetemperature control, so that the fluctuation in temperature distributionmay fall within ±3° C. (preferably ±1° C.) of the standard value.Because the temperature control casts considerable influence on theprocess of crystallization, this must be effected with great care.

When laser light 901 is irradiated, the region of the amorphous siliconfilm 903 irradiated by the laser light 901 is molten instantaneously,but because the region surrounding the irradiated region is also heatedby the auxiliary heating devices 905 and 906, a longer time duration canbe taken for the solidification after irradiating the laser light 901.

Thus, because the irradiation of the laser light 901 is graduallyeffected while scanning, and therefore an abrupt phase change can beprevented from occurring, the stress inside the film can be relaxed.This enables formation of a highly uniform crystalline silicon film onthe surface of the substrate.

EXAMPLE 9

The present example refers to a case in which the auxiliary heatingdevices 905 and 906 described in the constitution of example 8 areprovided by means of lamp heating using infrared radiation. FIG. 10shows schematically the laser irradiation device for use in the presentexample. Because the basic constitution is the same as that illustratedin FIG. 9, the same symbols are used for the description.

In the present example, an infrared ray is irradiated from halogen lamps11 and 12 to the regions in front and at the back of the region that isirradiated by scanning laser light 901. Because infrared ray is hardlyabsorbed by a glass substrate, while is readily absorbed by a siliconfilm, the silicon film (amorphous silicon film 903 in this case) can beheated selectively.

The heating method using the infrared-ray-emitting lamps enables heatingthe amorphous silicon film 903 alone to a temperature of about 1,000° C.(surface temperature) even in case a glass substrate having a relativelylow heat resistance is used as the substrate 902.

However, since peeling off or cracks generate due to the difference inthermal expansion coefficient between the glass substrate and thesilicon film, optimum heating conditions must be obtainedexperimentally. In general, heating using infrared-ray-emitting lamps 11and 12 is performed in such a manner that a surface temperature in arange of from 700 to 900° C. is achieved on the amorphous silicon film903.

Similar to the constitution described in example 7, an abrupt phasechange can be prevented from occurring by using the constitution of thepresent example. Thus, the stress inside the film can be relaxed, andthis enables the formation of a highly uniform crystalline silicon filmon the surface of the substrate.

EXAMPLE 10

The present example refers to a constitution similar to that describedin example 1, except for using lamp annealing as a means of heating theobject substrate 709 in irradiating laser.

That is, referring to FIG. 7, a light source emitting an intense lightis provided inside the substrate support table 710 in the place of thebuilt-in heater, and the object substrate 709 is heated by the thusirradiated intense light.

As the light source above, usable are lamp light sources emittinginfrared or ultraviolet rays. This heating means using light irradiationfrom lamps is highly effective in that the temperature is elevated andlowered at a high rate and a highly uniform annealing effect isobtained.

The fact that the temperature is increased and decreased at a high speedalso signifies a considerable increase in throughput. Accordingly, thisis also very effective from the viewpoint of productivity.

However, in case of irradiating infrared ray by using a lamp, it isnecessary to use a stage 711 made of a glass covered by an SiC or Sicoating, or such made of a quartz substrate, which readily absorbsinfrared ray.

Furthermore, as a matter of course, the substrate temperature must bemonitored by providing a thermocouple and the like to the stage 711, andthe measured results are fed back to control the intensity of theintense light radiated from the lamp light source.

As described above, by employing a constitution as such to control thesubstrate temperature by using lamp annealing, which is superior incontrollability and uniformity, a laser annealing process furtherimproved in uniformity and reproducibility can be implemented.

EXAMPLE 11

The present example refers to a constitution of an optical system of alaser irradiation device shown in FIG. 7. FIG. 12 is referred to for thedescription. In FIG. 12, the laser light emitted from a generator (notshown) is incident to a homogenizer 21. The homogenizer 21 has functionsof correcting the density distribution of the irradiation energy in thewidth direction of the laser beam which is finally shaped into a linearlaser beam.

Reference numerals 22 and 23 denote homogenizers which have functions ofcorrecting the distribution of the density of radiation energy in thelongitudinal direction of laser beam finally linearly shaped.

The laser having an irradiation energy thus controlled by thehomogenizers 21, 22, 23, and 24 is incident to a lens system comprisinglenses 25, 26, and 27. In the lens system, the linear beam is firstshaped in the longitudinal direction by the lens 25. That is, the laseris extended in the lens 25.

In lenses 26 and 27, the linear laser light is shaped in the widthdirection. That is, the laser light is converged. A mirror 28 isprovided to change the traveling direction of the laser.

The laser whose traveling direction is changed by the mirror 28 is thenincident to a lens 29. The lens 29 is provided also to shape the linearbeam in the width direction. The laser transmitted through the lens 29is irradiated to the object plane 30 as a linear laser beam.

The object surface 30 corresponds to, for example, a surface of anamorphous silicon film or a surface of a crystalline silicon film whosecrystallinity is to be further ameliorated. In the constitution shown inthe present example again, the matter of concern is to constrain thefluctuation in the irradiation energy density of the irradiated laserper pulse in a range as shown in FIG. 1.

EXAMPLE 12

The present example refers to a constitution in which the uniformity ofthe irradiation energy density in the longitudinal direction of thelinear laser beam is ameliorated. FIG. 13 shows schematically theoptical system of the laser irradiation device according to the presentexample.

Referring to FIG. 13, the device comprises an optical system similar tothat shown in FIG. 8, but which is further improved. More specifically,the number of the homogenizers is differed in correspondence with theanisotropy of the beam shape. In FIG. 13, the portions that are the sameas those in FIG. 8 are indicated with the same symbols used in FIG. 8.

More specifically, two homogenizers 804 and 31 are provided in thelongitudinal direction of the linear laser, i.e., in the direction inwhich a higher uniformity is required for the density of the irradiationenergy. In contrast to this, only one homogenizer 803, which correctsthe irradiation energy density in the width direction of the linearlaser, is provided in the width direction of the linear laser, becauseless uniformity in the irradiation energy density is required in thisdirection.

In a linear laser light, in general, the irradiation energy densitydistribution in the longitudinal direction of the beam is consideredimportant. On the other hand, the density distribution in the widthdirection of a linear laser is not considered a problem because thewidth is confined within several millimeters.

Thus, as described in the present example, it is useful to increase thenumber of the homogenizers which correct the irradiation energy densityin the longitudinal direction of a linear laser, thereby furtherincreasing the uniformity in the distribution of the irradiation energydensity.

The constitution according to the present invention is highly effectivein implementing, in a high reproducibility, a further uniform annealingof a large area thin film semiconductor in using a pulse-emitting linearlaser.

For instance, in the fabrication of an active matrix display device, theproblems attributed to the fluctuation in the laser annealing effectusing an excimer laser can be overcome. More specifically, the stripepatterns which were considered problematic in displaying an image can beameliorated, thereby realizing a liquid crystal display device having ahigh image quality.

Furthermore, the invention disclosed herein is applicable not only to anactive matrix liquid crystal display device, but also to activematrix-type EL display devices and other flat panel display devices.

While the invention has been described in detail, it should beunderstood that the present invention is not to be construed as beinglimited thereto, and that any modifications can be made withoutdeparting from the scope of claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A laser-irradiation device for irradiating apulse-emitting laser light while scanning a linear beam to a thin filmsemiconductor provided on a substrate having an insulating surface,comprising: means for emitting the pulse-emitting laser light; a gasprocessor connected to the means for emitting the pulse-emitting laserlight; and means for heating the thin film semiconductor; whereinirradiation energy of the laser light per pulse of the irradiation isdistributed within a range of approximately ±3%, and a peak value, apeak width at half height, and a threshold width of a laser energy ofthe pulse-emitting laser light are each distributed within a range ofapproximately ±3% of a standard value.
 2. A device according to claim 1,wherein the irradiation energy of the emitted light per pulse isdistributed within approximately ±2%.
 3. A laser-irradiation device forirradiating a pulse-emitting laser light while scanning a linear beam toa thin film semiconductor provided on a substrate having an insulatingsurface, comprising: means for emitting the pulse-emitting laser light;a gas processor connected to the means for emitting the pulse-emittinglaser light; and means for heating the thin film semiconductor; whereinfluctuation in irradiation energy with passage of time of the laserlight irradiation is distributed within approximately ±3%, and a peakvalue, a peak width at half height, and a threshold width of a laserenergy of the pulse-emitting laser light are each distributed within arange of approximately ±3% of a standard value.
 4. A device according toclaim 3, wherein the fluctuation in irradiation energy with the passageof time of the laser light irradiation is distributed withinapproximately ±2%.
 5. A laser-irradiation device for irradiating a laserlight to a thin film semiconductor provided on a substrate having aninsulating surface, comprising: means for emitting the laser light; agas processor connected to the means for emitting the laser light; acontrol unit for controlling an output of the laser light by detecting apart of the light emitted from laser and then feeding back the detectedresult to the means for emitting the laser light; optical system meanswhich shape the laser light into a linear beam; and means for heatingthe thin film semiconductor; wherein, a peak value, a peak width at halfheight, and a threshold width of a laser energy of the laser light areeach distributed within a range of approximately ±3% of a standardvalue.
 6. A device according to claim 5, wherein the thin filmsemiconductor is a silicon film.
 7. A device according to claim 5,wherein the means for heating the thin film semiconductor is heating byusing a heater or a lamp, and the heat treatment by using said means isperformed as such that a temperature distribution within the surface ofthe substrate is within a range of approximately ±5° C. of a standardvalue.
 8. A laser-irradiation device for irradiating a laser light to athin film semiconductor provided on a substrate having an insulatedsurface, comprising: means for emitting the laser light; a gas processorconnected to the means for emitting the laser light; a control unit forcontrolling an output of the laser by detecting a part of the emittedlight and then feeding back the detected result to the means foremitting the laser light; optical system means for shaping the laserlight into a linear beam; means for heating the thin film semiconductor;and an auxiliary heating device provided in addition to the means forheating the thin film semiconductor, wherein, a peak value, a peak widthat half height, and a threshold width of a laser energy of the laserlight are each distributed within a range of approximately ±3% of astandard value.
 9. A device according to claim 8, wherein the thin filmsemiconductor is a silicon film.
 10. A device according to claim 8,wherein the means for heating the thin film semiconductor is heating byusing a heater or a lamp, and the heat treatment by using said means isperformed as such that a temperature distribution within the surface ofthe substrate is within a range of approximately ±5° C. of a standardvalue.
 11. A device according to claim 8, wherein the auxiliary heatingdevice is a heater or a lamp light source, and heat treatment by usingsaid auxiliary heating device is performed as such that a temperaturedistribution within a surface being subjected to the heat treatment byusing said auxiliary heating device is within a range of approximately±3° C. of a standard value.